Arnaud Fossier is Associate Professor in medieval history at the Université de Bourgogne. He specializes in Catholic Church history, but has broad interests in the pre-modern world, particularly in the field of legal history and Italian studies. He is the author of Le Bureau des âmes. Écritures et pratiques administratives de la Pénitencerie apostolique (13e‑14e siècles) (École française de Rome, 2018), and of many papers about secrecy, crimes, justice and papal governance.